Practical Data Acquisition for Instrumentation and Control Systems

by Park; Mackay

ISBN13: 9780750657969

ISBN10: 0750657960

Format: Paperback

Pub. Date: 2003-07-28

Publisher(s): Elsevier Science

Other versions by this Author

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Summary

* Covers all aspects of the data acquisition system from design and specification to programming, installation and configuration * Gives both the novice and experienced user a solid understanding of interfacing the PC and standalone instruments to real-world signals from the laboratory to the industrial plant * Provides a thorough grasp of PC data acquisition systems and the ability to design, specify, install and configure and program data acquisition systems quickly and effectively This book focuses on data acquisition and control using the PC and standalone instruments. The PC has made a dramatic impact in the ease with which the technician, scientist and engineer today can set up their own test and measurement system at a remarkably low cost. And this book aims to show you how easy it is with plenty of carefully researched information. The popular IEEE 488 interface is also covered. All aspects of the data acquisition system are included from design and specification to programming, installation and configuration. This book gives both the novice and experienced user a solid grasp of the principles and practical implementation of interfacing the PC and standalone instruments to real-world signals from the laboratory to the industrial plant. Once you have read the book, you will have a thorough grasp of PC data acquisition systems and will be able to design, specify, install and configure and program data acquisition systems quickly and effectively.

Preface

xvii

Introduction

(12)

Definition of data acquisition and control

(1)

Fundamentals of data acquisition

(4)

Transducers and sensors

(1)

Field wiring and communications cabling

(1)

Signal conditioning

(1)

Data acquisition hardware

(1)

Data acquisition software

(1)

Host computer

(1)

Data acquisition and control system configuration

(7)

Computer plug-in I/O

(1)

Distributed I/O

(1)

Stand-alone or distributed loggers/controllers

(2)

IEEE 488 (GPIB) remote programmable instruments

(2)

Analog and digital signals

(23)

Classification of signals

(4)

Digital signals binary signals

(1)

Analog signals

(2)

Sensors and transducers

(1)

Transducer characteristics

(2)

Resistance temperature detectors (RTDs)

(3)

Characteristics of RTDs

(1)

Linearity of RTDs

(1)

Measurement circuits and considerations for RTDs

(2)

Thermistors

(1)

Thermocouples

(6)

Reference junction compensation

(1)

Isothermal block and compensation cables

(1)

Thermocouple linearization

(1)

Thermocouple types and standards

(1)

Thermocouple construction

(1)

Measurement errors

(1)

Wiring configurations

(1)

Strain gauges

(1)

Wheatstone bridges

(7)

General characteristics

(1)

Quarter bridge configuration

(1)

Half bridge configuration

(1)

Full bridge configuration

(1)

Wiring connections

(2)

Temperature considerations

(1)

Measurement errors

(2)

Signal conditioning

(31)

Introduction

(1)

Types of signal conditioning

(7)

Amplification

(1)

Isolation

(1)

Filtering

(6)

Linearization

(1)

Classes of signal conditioning

(4)

Plug-in board signal conditioning

(1)

Direct connect modular -- two-wire transmitters

(1)

Distributed I/O -- digital transmitters

(2)

Field wiring and signal measurement

(8)

Grounded signal sources

(1)

Floating signal sources

(1)

Single-ended measurement

(1)

Differential measurement

(1)

Common mode voltages and CMRR

(2)

Measuring grounded signal sources

(1)

Ground loops

(1)

Signal circuit isolation

(1)

Measuring ungrounded signal sources

(1)

System isolation

(1)

Noise and interference

(5)

Definition of noise and interference

(1)

Sources and types of noise

(5)

Minimizing noise

(3)

Cable shielding and shield earthing

(1)

Grounding cable shields

(2)

Shielded and twisted-pair cable

(3)

Twisted-pair cables

(1)

Coaxial cables

(1)

The PC for real time work

(52)

Introduction

(1)

Operating systems

(5)

DOS

(1)

Microsoft Windows 3.1, 95, 98, 2000 and NT

(2)

UNIX

(1)

Operation of interrupts

(5)

Hardware interrupts

(1)

Non-maskable interrupts

(1)

Maskable interrupts

(1)

Programmable interrupt controller(s)

(2)

Initialization required for interrupts

(1)

I/O devices requesting interrupt service

(1)

Interrupt service routines

(1)

Sharing interrupts

(1)

Operation of direct memory access (DMA)

(6)

DMA controllers

(1)

Initialization required for DMA control

(1)

I/O devices requesting DMA

(1)

Terminal count signal

(1)

DMA modes

(2)

Repeat string instructions (REP INSW)

(1)

Polled data transfer

(12)

Data transfer speed (polled I/O, interrupt I/O, DMA)

(1)

Memory

(2)

Base memory

(1)

Expanded memory system (EMS)

(1)

Extended memory (XMS)

(1)

Expansion memory hardware

(1)

Expansion bus standards (ISA, EISA, PCI, and PXI bus)

(13)

ISA bus

(9)

Microchannel bus

108

(1)

EISA bus

108

(1)

The PCI, compactPCI and PXI bus

109

(3)

Serial communications

112

(1)

Standard settings

112

(1)

Intelligent serial ports

112

(1)

Interfacing techniques to the IBM PC

113

(6)

Hardware considerations

114

(1)

Address decoding

115

(1)

Timing requirements

116

(3)

Plug-in data acquisition boards

119

(57)

Introduction

119

(1)

A/D Boards

120

(18)

Multiplexers

120

(1)

Input signal amplifier

121

(2)

Channel-gain arrays

123

(1)

Sample and hold circuits

123

(1)

A/D converters

124

(12)

Memory (FIFO) buffer

136

(1)

Timing circuitry

136

(1)

Expansion bus interface

137

(1)

Single ended vs differential signals

138

(3)

Single ended inputs

138

(1)

Pseudo-differential configuration

139

(1)

Differential inputs

140

(1)

Resolution, dynamic range and accuracy of A/D boards

141

(2)

Dynamic range

141

(1)

Resolution

141

(1)

System accuracy

142

(1)

Sampling rate and the Nyquist theorem

143

(8)

Nyquist's theorem

143

(1)

Aliasing

143

(3)

Preventing aliasing

146

(2)

Practical examples

148

(3)

Sampling techniques

151

(5)

Continuous channel scanning

151

(2)

Simultaneous sampling

153

(1)

Block mode operations

154

(2)

Speed vs throughput

156

(1)

D/A boards

157

(7)

Digital to analog converters

158

(2)

Parameters of D/A converters

160

(2)

Functional characteristics of D/A boards

162

(1)

Memory (FIFO) buffer

162

(1)

Timing circuitry

163

(1)

Output amplifier buffer

163

(1)

Expansion bus interface

163

(1)

Digital I/O boards

164

(2)

Interfacing digital inputs/outputs

166

(4)

Switch sensing

166

(1)

AC/DC voltage sensing

167

(1)

Driving an LED indicator

168

(1)

Driving relays

168

(2)

Counter/timer I/O boards

170

(6)

Serial data communications

176

(28)

Definitions and basic principles

176

(6)

Transmission modes -- simplex and duplex

177

(1)

Coding of messages

178

(3)

Format of data communications messages

181

(1)

Data transmission speed

182

(1)

RS-232-C interface standard

182

(9)

Electrical signal characteristics

183

(3)

Interface mechanical characteristics

186

(1)

Functional description of the interchange circuits

187

(1)

The sequence of operation of the EIA-232 interface

188

(2)

Examples of RS-232 interfaces

190

(1)

Main features of the RS-232 Interface Standard

190

(1)

RS-485 interface standard

191

(2)

RS-485 repeaters

192

(1)

Comparison of the RS-232 and RS-485 standards

193

(1)

The 20 mA current loop

194

(1)

Serial interface converters

194

(1)

Protocols

195

(3)

Flow control protocols

196

(1)

ASCII-based protocols

196

(2)

Error detection

198

(2)

Character redundancy checks

199

(1)

Block redundancy checks

199

(1)

Cyclic redundancy Checks

199

(1)

Troubleshooting & testing serial data communication circuits

200

(4)

The breakout box

201

(1)

Null modem

201

(1)

Loop back plug

202

(1)

Protocol analyzer

202

(1)

The PC as a protocol analyzer

202

(2)

Distributed and stand-alone loggers/controllers

204

(30)

Introduction

204

(1)

Methods of operation

204

(5)

Programming and logging data using PCMCIA cards

205

(1)

Stand-alone operation

206

(1)

Direct connection to the host PC

206

(2)

Remote connection to the host PC

208

(1)

Stand-alone logger/controller hardware

209

(8)

Microprocessors

210

(1)

Memory

210

(1)

Real time clock

211

(1)

Universal asynchronous receiver/transmitter (UART)

212

(1)

Power supply

213

(1)

Power management circuitry

214

(1)

Analog inputs and digital I/O

215

(2)

Expansion modules

217

(1)

Communications hardware interface

217

(3)

RS-232 interface

217

(2)

RS-485 standard

219

(1)

Communication bottlenecks and system performance

219

(1)

Using Ethernet to connect data loggers

220

(1)

Stand-alone logger/controller firmware

220

(1)

Stand-alone logger/controller software design

221

(9)

ASCII based command formats

222

(1)

ASCII based data formats

223

(1)

Error reporting

223

(1)

System commands

224

(1)

Channel commands

224

(2)

Schedules

226

(3)

Alarms

229

(1)

Data logging and retrieval

229

(1)

Host software

230

(1)

Considerations in using standalone logger/controllers

231

(1)

Stand-alone logger/controllers vs internal systems

232

(2)

Advantages

232

(1)

Disadvantages

232

(2)

IEEE 488 Standard

234

(18)

Introduction

234

(1)

Electrical and mechanical characteristics

235

(1)

Physical connection configurations

236

(1)

Device types

237

(1)

Bus structure

238

(2)

Data lines

239

(1)

Interface management lines

239

(1)

Handshake lines

240

(1)

GPIB handshaking

240

(1)

Device communication

241

(2)

GPIB addressing

242

(1)

Un-addressing devices

242

(1)

Terminating data messages

242

(1)

Sending and receiving data

243

(1)

IEEE 488.2

243

(5)

Requirements of IEEE 488.2 controllers

243

(1)

IEEE 488.2 control sequences

244

(1)

IEEE 488.2 protocols

244

(2)

Device interface capabilities

246

(1)

Status reporting model

246

(1)

Common command set

247

(1)

Standard commands for programmable instruments (SCPI)

248

(4)

IEEE 488.2 common commands required by the SCPI

248

(1)

SCPI required commands

249

(1)

The SCPI programming command model

249

(2)

SCPI hierarchical command structure

251

(1)

Ethernet & LAN systems

252

(19)

Ethernet and fieldbuses for data acquisition

252

(1)

Physical layer

253

(7)

10Base5 systems

253

(3)

10Base2 systems

256

(1)

10BaseT

257

(1)

10BaseF

258

(1)

100 Base-T (100 Base-TX, T4, FX, T2)

258

(2)

Medium access control

260

(3)

MAC frame format

263

(1)

Difference between 802.3 and Ethernet

264

(1)

Reducing collisions

265

(1)

Ethernet design rules

265

(3)

Length of the cable segment

265

(1)

Maximum transceiver cable length

266

(1)

Node placement rules

266

(1)

Maximum transmission path

266

(1)

Maximum network size

267

(1)

Repeater rules

267

(1)

Cable system grounding

268

(1)

Fieldbuses

268

(3)

The universal serial bus (USB)

271

(14)

Introduction

271

(1)

USB overall structure

271

(6)

Topology

272

(1)

Host hubs

273

(1)

The connectors (Type A and B)

274

(1)

Low-speed cables and high-speed cables

274

(1)

External hubs

274

(1)

USB devices

275

(1)

Host hub controller hardware and driver

275

(1)

USB software driver

276

(1)

Device drivers

276

(1)

Communication flow

276

(1)

The physical layer

277

(4)

Connectors

278

(1)

Cables

278

(1)

Signaling

279

(1)

NRZI and bit stuffing

280

(1)

Power distribution

280

(1)

Datalink layer

281

(2)

Transfer types

282

(1)

Packets and frames

282

(1)

Application layer (user layer)

283

(1)

Conclusion

283

(2)

Acknowledgements

284

(1)

Specific techniques

285

(7)

Open and closed loop control

285

(5)

Definitions

285

(1)

Fluid level closed loop control system

286

(1)

PID control algorithms

286

(2)

Transient performance -- step response

288

(1)

Deadband

289

(1)

Output limiting

289

(1)

Manual control -- bumpless transfer

289

(1)

Capturing high speed transient data

290

(2)

A/D board operation and memory requirements

290

(1)

Trigger modes (pre- and post-triggering)

290

(1)

Trigger source and level

290

(2)

The PCMCIA Card

292

(13)

Introduction

292

(1)

History

293

(1)

Features

293

(2)

Size and Versatility

293

(1)

16-Bit

294

(1)

Direct memory access (DMA)

294

(1)

Multi-functional and transparent

294

(1)

Low voltage

294

(1)

Plug and play

294

(1)

Execute in place

295

(1)

Problems

295

(1)

Products

295

(2)

Memory cards

295

(1)

Disk drives

295

(1)

Pagers

296

(1)

Local area networks

296

(1)

Modems

296

(1)

Cellular telephone

296

(1)

Data acquisition

296

(1)

Digital multimeter

296

(1)

GPS systems

297

(1)

Pocket organizer

297

(1)

Stand-alone products

297

(1)

Full size computers

297

(1)

Construction

297

(1)

Size and types

298

(1)

Extended types

298

(1)

Hardware

298

(4)

Power

299

(1)

Pin assignments

299

(1)

Memory only cards

299

(1)

I/O Cards

300

(1)

I/O with direct memory access

300

(1)

ATA interface (AT attachment)

301

(1)

AIMS interface (auto-indexing mass storage)

302

(1)

Software

302

(1)

PC Card environment

303

(1)

PC Card enablers and support software

303

(1)

Future

304

(1)

Magazine list and PCMCIA address

304

(1)

Personal Computer Memory Card International Association

304

(1)

Appendix A Glossary

305

(27)

Appendix B IBM PC bus specifications

332

(17)

B.1 Hardware interrupts

332

(1)

B.2 DMA channels

333

(1)

B.3 8237 DMA channels

333

(1)

Refresh (AT) 08F

334

(1)

B.4 8259 interrupt controller

334

(2)

B.5 8253 / 8254 counter/timer

336

(8)

B.6 Bus signal information

344

(2)

B.7 Card dimensions

346

(1)

B.8 Centronics interface standard

347

(2)

Appendix C Review of the Intel 8255 PPI chip

349

(15)

C.1 DIO0CTRL -- control register of the 8255

351

(1)

C.2 DIOA -- port A of the 8255 (offset 0, read/write)

352

(1)

C.3 DIOB -- port B of the 8255 (offset 1, read/write)

353

(1)

C.4 DIOC -- port C of the 8255 (offset 2, read/write)

353

(2)

C.5 Mode 0: simple I/O

355

(1)

C.6 Mode 0 programming

355

(1)

C.7 Mode 1: strobed I/O

355

(1)

C.8 Mode 1 programming

356

(2)

C.9 Mode 2: strobed bi-directional bus I/O

358

(1)

C.10 Mode 2 programming

359

(2)

C.11 Single-bit set/reset

361

(1)

C.12 Mixed mode programming

361

(1)

C.13 8255-2 mode 1 and 2 timing diagrams

362

(2)

Appendix D Review of the Intel 8254 timer-counter chip

364

(13)

D.1 8254 architecture

364

(2)

Count register (CR)

366

(1)

Counting element (CE)

366

(1)

Output latch (OL)

366

(1)

D.2 8254 registers

366

(3)

TCCTRL timer/counter control register (offset 3, write only)

366

(1)

Configuration mode

367

(1)

Read-back command

368

(1)

Counter latch command

368

(1)

TCO - timer/counter 0 (offset 0, read/write)

369

(1)

TC1 - timer/counter 1 (offset 1, read/write)

369

(1)

TC2 - timer/counter 2 (offset 2, read/write)

369

(1)

D.3 Programming a counter

369

(1)

Data transfer format

370

(1)

Clock pulse input

370

(1)

Gate input

370

(1)

D.4 Read operations

370

(3)

Simple read operation

371

(1)

Counter latch command

371

(1)

Read-back command

371

(1)

Multiple counter latch

372

(1)

Counter status information

372

(1)

Latching both status and current count

373

(1)

D.5 Counter mode definitions

373

(3)

Mode 0: interrupt on terminal count

373

(1)

Mode 1: hardware re-triggerable one-shot

374

(1)

Mode 2: rate generator

374

(1)

Mode 3: square wave generator

374

(1)

Mode 4: software-triggered strobe

375

(1)

Mode 5: hardware-triggered strobe

375

(1)

D.6 Interrupt handling

376

(1)

Appendix E Thermocouple tables

377

(12)

Type B thermocouple

377

(1)

Type BP thermocouple

378

(1)

Type BN thermocouple

378

(1)

Type E thermocouple

379

(1)

Type J thermocouples

380

(1)

Type JP thermocouples

380

(1)

Type JN thermocouples

381

(1)

Type K thermocouples

381

(1)

Type KP thermocouple

382

(1)

Type KN thermocouple

383

(1)

Type R thermocouple

384

(1)

Type S thermocouple

385

(1)

Type T thermocouple

386

(1)

Type TP thermocouple

387

(1)

Type TN thermocouple

388

(1)

Appendix F Number systems

389

(9)

F.1 Introduction

389

(1)

F.2 A generalized number system

389

(1)

F.3 Binary numbers

390

(2)

F.3.1 Conversion between decimal and binary numbers

391

(1)

F.4 Hexadecimal numbers

392

(1)

F.4.1 Conversion between binary and hexadecimal

393

(1)

F.5 Octal

393

(1)

F.6 Binary coded decimal

394

(1)

F.7 FBinary coded octal systems

394

(1)

F.8 Internal representation of information

395

(1)

F.8.1Numeric data

395

(1)

F.8.2 Alphanumeric data representation

396

(1)

F.9 Binary arithmetic

396

(2)

Appendix G GPIB (IEEE-488) mnemonics & their definitions

398

(5)

Index

403

Practical Data Acquisition for Instrumentation and Control Systems

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