The Macrophage

by ;
Edition: 2nd
Format: Hardcover
Pub. Date: 2002-12-05
Publisher(s): Oxford University Press
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Summary

The field of macrophage research has grown enormously since publication of the first edition of this book. The Macrophage 2e provides a unique comprehensive review of the current scientific knowledge of the multifaceted role of this important and intriguiging cell in health and disease. In 16 chapters by experts in the field it covers the basic biology and diverse functions of macrophages in specific diseases and the complex of interactions between macrophages and other cells. Ranging from their role in the defense against pathogens, their role as hosts for pathogens (including HIV), their complex roles in diseases such as arthritis and cancer, and their potential for use in novel gene therapy approaches to disease treatment, the book gives an up to the minute account of active macrophage research. The editors have intentionally included a broad rangeof topics that will appeal not only to immunologists and cell biologists but will also be of interest to those working in the specific disease areas covered.

Table of Contents

Contributors xxi
Abbreviations xxv
The biology of the macrophage
1(72)
J.A. Ross
M.J. Auger
Introduction
3(1)
Macrophage origin and kinetics
3(3)
Humoral control of monocytopoiesis
6(2)
Terminology
8(1)
Morphology of mononuclear phagocytes
9(4)
Light microscopy
9(1)
Ultrastructure
10(3)
Histochemistry of mononuclear phagocytes
13(1)
Composition and metabolism
14(2)
Macrophage surface receptors
16(13)
Fc and complement receptors
16(3)
Cytokine receptors
19(3)
Chemokine receptors
22(1)
Macrophage lipoprotein receptors
22(1)
AGE receptors
23(1)
Lectin-like receptors
23(1)
Adhesion receptors and migration
23(2)
Surface antigens
25(4)
Macrophage heterogeneity
29(3)
Alveolar macrophages
29(1)
Kupffer cells
29(1)
Spleen
30(1)
Bone marrow
30(1)
Intestine
30(1)
Other sites
30(1)
Relationship to Langerhans cells and other `professional' antigen-presenting cells
31(1)
Giant cells
32(1)
Macrophage functions
32(17)
Phagocytosis and destruction of microorganisms
32(3)
Chemotaxis
35(2)
Antigen processing and presentation
37(1)
Secretion
38(9)
Tumor cell control
47(2)
Introduction to the role of mononuclear phagocytes in health and disease
49(7)
Role in the acute phase protein response
49(1)
Role in hematopoiesis
50(1)
Role in hemostasis
51(1)
Role in destruction of microorganisms
51(1)
Role in disposal of damaged or senescent red cells
52(1)
Role in wound healing, tissue repair and remodeling
52(1)
Role in atherogenesis
52(1)
Role in autoimmunity
53(1)
Role in central nervous system diseases
54(1)
Role in inflammatory bowel disease
54(1)
Role in resolution of inflammation
55(1)
Role in the response to environmental particles
55(1)
Role in gene therapy
56(1)
Summary
56(17)
References
57(16)
Molecular basis of macrophage activation: from gene expression to phenotypic diversity
73(30)
T.A. Hamilton
Introduction
74(1)
Concepts of macrophage activation
74(1)
Scope of the chapter
75(1)
Diversity in macrophage activation
75(3)
Magnitude and physiology
75(2)
Generation of diversity
77(1)
Initiating stimuli in macrophage activation
78(3)
Categories of stimuli
78(1)
Early injury and chemotaxis
78(1)
Microbial stimuli
79(1)
Macrophages and acquired immunity
80(1)
Intracellular signaling pathways in macrophage activation
81(4)
Chemoattractant signaling
82(1)
TNF receptor signaling
83(1)
LPS/TLR signaling
83(1)
Cytokine family receptor signaling
84(1)
Regulation of gene expression
85(6)
Transcription
85(4)
mRNA stability
89(1)
Translational control
90(1)
Summary
91(12)
References
91(12)
Macrophages as antigen-presenting cells: relationship to dendritic cells and use in vaccination studies
103(35)
P. Paglia
M.P. Colombo
Introduction
104(1)
Origins of APCs: from the CD34+ hemopoietic multipotent progenitor to the myelodendritic precursors
105(3)
Searching for the stimuli required for macrophage/DC differentiation: tuning immune responses
108(2)
Inside the dendritic cell system
110(4)
Cross-priming: processing and presentation of exogenous antigens mediated by dendritic cells in vivo
114(3)
Recognition of death: immunological consequences of phagocytosis of apoptotic cells
117(3)
Myeloid dendritic cells hold promise for development of immunotherapy
120(1)
Preclinical studies of tumor antigen presentation by dendritic cells
120(3)
Dendritic cell vaccination in animal tumor model systems
120(2)
Generation of human dendritic cells for cancer immunotherapy
122(1)
Clinical trials involving dendritic cell-based vaccination
123(1)
In vivo targeting of APCs: strategies to improve antigen uptake and cross-presentation in vivo
123(1)
Summary
124(14)
References
125(13)
Macrophage--virus interactions
138(72)
W. Zink
L. Ryan
H.E. Gendelman
Introduction
140(1)
Mononuclear phagocyte (MP) function
140(8)
Phagocytosis and intracellular killing
140(2)
Antigen presentation: class I and II MHC pathways
142(1)
Viral modulation of pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion
143(1)
Viruses manipulate MP chemotactic machinery
144(1)
Type I interferons potent antiviral defenses
145(3)
Viral infection of MPs
148(7)
Target cells for viral infection
148(1)
Viral infection and monocyte-macrophage differentiation
148(4)
Viruses prime macrophages for subsequent immune activation
152(2)
Antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) of viral infection
154(1)
Virus, MP and murine central nervous system diseases
155(4)
Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV)
155(3)
Mouse hepatitis virus (JHM-MHV)-induced demyelination
158(1)
MPs and herpesviral infections
159(6)
Overview
159(1)
CMV
160(2)
Human herpesvirus-8 (HHV-8), and Kaposi's sarcoma
162(3)
Lentivirinae: an overview
165(2)
MP infection: a hallmark of ungulate lentivirus infections
167(1)
HIV infection of macrophages and disease pathogenesis
168(14)
HIV-1 tropism
170(1)
M-tropic virus in the transmission, persistence and progression of HIV-1 infection
171(1)
MP--HIV interactions
172(1)
Chemokine receptor polymorphisms and disease progression
173(1)
HIV-1 infection and pancytopenia
174(1)
HIV-1-associated nephropathy (HIVAN)
175(1)
HIV-1 and pulmonary interstitial pneumonitis
176(1)
HIV-1 neuropathogenesis
177(1)
HIV-2
178(1)
SIV
179(2)
Murine HIV-1 infections
181(1)
Summary
182(28)
References
183(27)
Macrophages in bacterial infection
210(43)
J.-P. Heale
D.P. Speert
Introduction
212(1)
Role of macrophages in defense against infection
212(1)
The macrophage as a safe haven for intracellular parasites
212(1)
Phenotypic and genotypic differences among macrophages
213(4)
Phenotypic differences among macrophages
213(3)
Genetic influences on macrophage antibacterial activities
216(1)
Phagocytosis of microorganisms
217(4)
Macrophage receptors
217(1)
Opsonization
218(1)
The process of phagocytosis
219(2)
Phagocytosis of specific bacterial species
221(1)
Bacteriocidal mechanisms of macrophages
221(3)
Oxygen-dependent microbicidal mechanisms
222(1)
Oxygen-independent microbicidal mechanisms
223(1)
Antibacterial secretory activities of macrophages
224(2)
Macrophage activation and antibacterial activities
225(1)
Cytokine production
225(1)
Macrophage products with direct effects on neutrophils
226(1)
Augmentation of macrophage antibacterial function
226(4)
Interferon-γ
226(2)
Colony-stimulating factors
228(1)
Complement
228(1)
Other factors capable of enhancing the microbicidal activity of macrophages
229(1)
Defects in macrophage antibacterial activity
230(1)
Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD)
230(1)
Leukocyte adhesion deficiency (LAD)
230(1)
Secondary or acquired abnormalities of macrophage function
230(1)
Bacterial strategies for subversion of macrophage defenses
231(6)
Bacterial antiphagocytic strategies
231(1)
Avoidance of phagocytosis
232(1)
Inhibition of chemotaxis
233(1)
Escape from phagosome
234(1)
Prevention of phagosome-lysosome fusion
234(1)
Lysosome tolerance
235(1)
Resistance to oxidative killing
235(1)
Resistance to non-oxidative killing
235(1)
Failure to trigger a respiratory burst
235(1)
Inhibition of macrophage activation
236(1)
Macrophage killing (apoptosis)
236(1)
Inhibition of antigen presentation
237(1)
Summary
237(16)
References
237(16)
Macrophages in parasitic infection
253(52)
B. Vray
Introduction
255(3)
Macrophages as host cells of parasitic microorganisms
255(1)
Macrophages as effector cells
255(1)
Macrophages as antigen-presenting cells
256(2)
Trypanosoma cruzi
258(8)
Recognition/adhesion systems
258(3)
Macrophage invasion
261(1)
Escape from the parasitophorous vacuole
262(1)
Mechanisms of infection control
262(2)
Role of TGF-β and IL-10
264(1)
GM-CSF/TNF-α-mediated lysis of T.cruzi
264(1)
Deficiency of macrophage-mediated antigen presentation
265(1)
Leishmania spp.
266(10)
Recognition/adhesion systems
268(1)
Macrophage invasion
269(1)
Resistance to the phagosome-lysosome fusion
270(1)
Mechanisms of infection control
271(3)
Deficiency of macrophage-mediated antigen presentation
274(2)
Toxoplasma gondii
276(3)
Recognition/adhesion systems
277(1)
Macrophage invasion
277(1)
Inhibition of the phagosome-lysosome fusion
278(1)
Mechanisms of infection control
278(1)
Deficiency of macrophage-mediated antigen presentation
279(1)
Trypanosoma brucei
279(3)
Macrophage-T.brucei interactions
280(1)
Nitric oxide-mediated immunosuppression
280(1)
Contrasting effects of TNF-α production by macrophages
281(1)
Deficiency of macrophage-mediated antigen presentation
281(1)
Schistosoma mansoni
282(1)
Nitric oxide and infection control
282(1)
Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity
282(1)
The many functions of granuloma macrophages
283(1)
Summary
283(22)
References
284(21)
Macrophages and Alzheimer's disease
305(51)
K.A. Carlson
R.L. Cotter
C.E. Williams
C.E. Branecki
J. Zheng
H.E. Gendelman
Introduction
306(1)
Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis
307(4)
APP, Aβ and neuritic plaques formation
307(1)
Tau, presenilins and neurofibrillary tangles formation
308(1)
ApoE and neuronal maintenance
308(3)
Immunity and AD: an overview
311(1)
AD as an inflammatory disease
311(1)
MP recruitment and activation
311(1)
Mechanisms for MP priming and activation in AD
312(5)
Aβ primes MP
312(1)
Factors involved in MP activation
313(2)
Signal transduction pathways
315(2)
MP function and its relevance to AD pathogenesis
317(5)
Antigen presentation
318(1)
Phagocytosis
318(1)
Secretory activities
319(3)
Mechanisms for MP-induced neuronal demise
322(6)
Neuronal signaling
322(3)
Oxidative stress
325(1)
Excitotoxicity
326(1)
Apoptosis and necrosis
327(1)
Laboratory and animal models for AD
328(3)
Summary
331(25)
References
332(24)
Macrophages in autoimmunity and primary immunodeficiency
356(35)
J.-W. Yoon
H.-S. Jun
Introduction
357(1)
Role of macrophages in autoimmune disease
357(14)
Type 1 diabetes
358(6)
Multiple sclerosis and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
364(3)
Rheumatic disease
367(4)
Role of macrophages in primary immunodeficiency disease
371(3)
Summary
374(17)
References
375(16)
Macrophages in rheumatoid arthritis
391(43)
B. Bresnihan
P. Youssef
Introduction
392(1)
Bone marrow and blood macrophage precursors in RA
393(1)
Synovial tissue macrophages in RA
394(16)
Synovial membrane histopathology
394(3)
Macrophage infiltration
397(3)
Macrophage chemoattractants in RA
400(1)
Macrophage activation and regulation
401(3)
Transcriptional events and gene expression by synovial tissue macrophages
404(1)
Macrophage apoptosis in the RA synovium
404(1)
Macrophage functions in the RA synovium
405(5)
The effects of treatment on synovial tissue macrophages
410(2)
Conventional therapy
410(1)
Glucocorticoid therapy
410(1)
Biological therapies
411(1)
Macrophages in non-articular tissues in RA
412(1)
Rheumatoid nodules
412(1)
Other extra-articular disease
413(1)
Summary
413(21)
References
413(21)
Macrophages in wound healing
434(23)
L.A. Dipietro
R.M. Strieter
Introduction
435(1)
Evidence for the importance of macrophages in wound repair
436(1)
Monocyte recruitment into wounds
437(2)
Activation of macrophages in wounds
439(1)
The wound macrophage phenotype
440(1)
The function of macrophages in wounds
441(3)
Macrophage phagocytic activity in wounds
441(1)
Modulation of angiogenesis by wound macrophages
441(3)
Modulation of fibrogenesis by wound macrophages
444(1)
Augmentation of wound healing by alteration of macrophage function
444(2)
Addition of macrophages directly to the wound
444(1)
Addition of macrophage-stimulating agents or products directly to the wound
445(1)
Macrophage function in special wound healing situations
446(3)
Fetal wounds
446(1)
Aging
447(1)
Diabetes
448(1)
Fibrosis
448(1)
Trauma, hemorrhage and sepsis
448(1)
Summary
449(8)
References
449(8)
Macrophages in tumor biology
457(33)
M. Kreutz
J. Fritsche
R. Andreesen
Introduction
458(1)
Macrophage differentiation in a tumor spheroid---a model for TAM ontogeny
459(2)
Chemotaxis---regulation of monocyte infiltration into the tumor site
461(1)
The cytokine network within the tumor microenvironment---regulation of tumor growth
462(1)
Tumor-associated macrophages and their pivotal role in angiogenesis
463(3)
The support of angiogenesis by TAMs
464(1)
The inhibition of angiogenesis by TAMs
465(1)
Tumor cytotoxicity of macrophages
466(4)
Recognition of tumor cells by macrophages
466(1)
Mechanisms of cytotoxicity by macrophages
467(2)
Activation of macrophages for tumor cytotoxicity
469(1)
Inhibition of tumor cytotoxicity
469(1)
Regulation of a specific immune response by TAMs
470(1)
Adoptive immunotherapy---macrophage-based approaches
471(3)
Adoptive immunotherapy with human macrophage cells
471(2)
Use of monocyte-derived cells to present antigen
473(1)
Summary
474(16)
References
474(16)
Macrophages in cardiovascular disease
490(33)
W. Jessup
A. Baoutina
L. Kritharides
Introduction
491(1)
Atherosclerosis and macrophages
491(5)
The normal artery
491(1)
The atherosclerotic artery
492(2)
The role of macrophages in atherosclerosis
494(2)
Characteristics of macrophage foam cells in atherosclerotic plaque
496(4)
Morphology of macrophage foam cells in plaque
496(1)
Protein expression by atherosclerotic lesion macrophages
497(1)
Lipid composition of foam cell macrophages and cell-rich plaques
498(2)
Mechanisms for macrophage foam cell formation
500(3)
Sources of cholesterol
500(3)
Control of cellular cholesterol levels
503(1)
Lipoprotein oxidation, macrophages and atherosclerosis
503(5)
The likely importance of LDL oxidation in atherosclerosis
503(1)
Macrophage-mediated oxidation of LDL
504(2)
Inhibitory actions of macrophages in LDL oxidation
506(1)
Likely role of macrophages in LDL oxidation in vivo
507(1)
Metabolism of oxidized lipoproteins
508(1)
Effects of macrophage lipid accumulation on cell function
508(2)
Macrophage-derived inflammatory mediators
508(1)
Lipoproteins and macrophage proliferation
509(1)
PPAR-α and PPAR-γ
509(1)
Reverse cholesterol transport
510(1)
Export of cholesterol from macrophage foam cells
510(6)
Routes for cholesterol disposal in foam cells
510(1)
Properties of cholesterol acceptors for macrophages
511(1)
Mechanisms for cholesterol export from macrophages
512(2)
Plasma membrane determinants of cholesterol export
514(2)
Summary
516(7)
References
516(7)
Macrophages in the central nervous system
523(25)
M.K. Matyszak
V.H. Perry
Introduction
524(1)
Microglia
525(8)
Origin
525(1)
Morphology, phenotype and distribution
526(4)
Kinetics
530(2)
Functions
532(1)
Other macrophages in the central nervous system
533(2)
Choroid plexus
533(1)
Leptomeninges
534(1)
Perivascular macrophages
534(1)
Response of microglia to injury
535(6)
Summary
541(7)
References
541(7)
Macrophages in reproductive biology
548(29)
H. Okamura
H. Katabuchi
H. Kanzaki
Introduction
549(1)
Macrophages in ovaries
549(5)
Macrophages in folliculogenesis and steroidogenesis
549(3)
Macrophages in follicular atresia and regression of the corpus luteum
552(2)
Peritoneal macrophages
554(3)
Cytology and classification
554(1)
Endometriosis and peritoneal macrophages
555(2)
Macrophages in Fallopian tubes
557(3)
Macrophages in the oviductal lumen
558(1)
Macrophages in the endosalpingeal stroma and smooth muscle layer
559(1)
Endometrial/decidual macrophages
560(3)
Decidual macrophages and immunoregulation
561(2)
Macrophages in spiral arteries of the placental bed
563(1)
Villous macrophages (Hofbauer cells)
563(6)
Cytological characteristics
564(1)
Origin
564(1)
Function
565(4)
Summary
569(8)
References
570(7)
Macrophages in gene therapy: cellular targets and gene delivery vehicles
577(22)
B. Burke
S. Sumner
P.C. Mahon
C.E. Lewis
Introduction
578(1)
Methods used for gene transfer to macrophages
578(6)
Viral methods
579(2)
Non-viral methods
581(3)
Macrophages as targets for gene therapy
584(4)
Malignant tumors
584(1)
Arthritic joints
585(1)
Skin wounds
586(1)
Silicotic fibrosis
586(1)
Atherosclerosis
586(1)
Lysosomal storage diseases
587(1)
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
587(1)
Liver disease
587(1)
Lung diseases
588(1)
Macrophages as gene delivery vehicles
588(4)
Malignant tumors
588(1)
Glomerulonephritis
589(1)
Lysosomal storage diseases
589(1)
Use of macrophages to synthesize/deliver therapeutic viruses
589(1)
Homing of macrophages to diseased sites after ex vivo manipulation
590(2)
Transcriptional targeting to overcome the lack of specificity of macrophage homing
592(1)
Summary
592(7)
References
593(6)
Use of mathematical models to simulate and predict macrophage activity in diseased tissues
599(29)
H.M. Byrne
M.R. Owen
Introduction
600(1)
The role of mathematical modeling in Medicine
601(1)
Macrophage dynamics in tumors
602(18)
Antitumor effects and imunotherapy
603(6)
Macrophage infiltration into solid tumors
609(11)
Macrophages as a primary site for HIV infection
620(3)
Macrophage--HIV interactions
620(2)
HIV--T cell interactions
622(1)
Macrophage--HIV--T cell interactions
623(1)
Topics ripe for mathematical modeling
623(2)
Wound healing
624(1)
Macrophage activation
624(1)
Arthritis
624(1)
Atherosclerosis
625(1)
Discussion
625(3)
Summary
628(1)
References 628(4)
Appendix: some mathematical details 632(3)
Index 635

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