Introduction to Physical Anthropology (with InfoTrac),9780534639020

Introduction to Physical Anthropology (with InfoTrac)

by ; ;
Edition: 10th
ISBN13: 9780534639020
ISBN10: 053463902X
Format: Paperback
Pub. Date: 2004-06-30
Publisher(s): Wadsworth Publishing
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Summary

1. Introduction. PART 1: HEREDITY AND EVOLUTION. 2. The Development of Evolutionary Theory. 3. The Biological Basis of Life. 4. Heredity and Evolution. 5. Macroevolution: Processes of Vertebrate and Mammalian Evolution. PART 2: PRIMATES. 6. An Overview of the Primates. 7. Primate Behavior. 8. Primate Models for Human Evolution. PART 3: HOMINID EVOLUTION. 9. Paleoanthropology: Reconstructing Early Hominid Behavior and Ecology. 10. Hominid Origins in Africa. 11. The Earliest Dispersal of the Genus Homo: Homo erectus and Contemporaries. 12. Premodern Humans. 13. Origin and Dispersal of Modern Humans. 14. Modern Human Biology: Patterns of Variation. PART 4: CONTEMPORARY HUMAN EVOLUTION 15. Modern Human Biology: Patterns of Adaptation. 16. Legacies of Human Evolutionary History.

Table of Contents

Preface xv
Supplements xix
Introduction
1(21)
Introduction
2(4)
What Is Anthropology?
6(1)
Cultural Anthropology
6(1)
Archaeology
7(1)
Linguistic Anthropology
8(1)
Physical Anthropology
8(7)
Physical Anthropology and the Scientific Method
15(1)
The Anthropology Perspective
16(2)
Summary
18(1)
Questions for Review
18(1)
For Further Thought
19(1)
Suggested Further Reading
19(1)
Online Anthropology Resource Center
19(1)
Issue: Evaluation in Science: Lessons in Critical Thinking
20(2)
PART 1 Heredity and Evolution
The Development of Evolutionary Theory
22(22)
Introduction
23(1)
A Brief History of Evolutionary Thought
24(11)
The Scientific Revolution
25(1)
Precursors to the Theory of Evolution
26(4)
The Discovery of Natural Selection
30(4)
Natural Selection
34(1)
Natural Selection in Action
35(4)
Constraints on Nineteenth-Century Evolutionary Theory
39(1)
Opposition to Evolution
40(2)
Summary
42(1)
For Further Thought
43(1)
Questions for Review
43(1)
Suggested Further Reading
43(1)
Online Anthropology Resource Center
43(1)
The Biological Basis of Life
44(30)
Introduction
45(1)
The Cell
45(2)
DNA Structure
47(1)
DNA Replication
48(1)
Protein Synthesis
49(4)
What Is a Gene?
53(4)
Mutation: When a Gene Changes
57(1)
Chromosomes
58(4)
Karyotyping Chromosomes
61(1)
Cell Division
62(5)
Mitosis
62(1)
Meiosis
62(3)
The Evolutionary Significance of Meiosis
65(1)
Problems with Meiosis
66(1)
New Frontiers
67(3)
Summary
70(1)
For Further Thought
71(1)
Questions for Review
71(1)
Suggested Further Reading
71(1)
Online Anthropology Resource Center
71(1)
Issue: Stem Cell Research: Promise and Controversy
72(2)
Heredity and Evolution
74(33)
Introduction
75(1)
The Genetic Principles Discovered by Mendel
75(5)
Segregation
76(2)
Dominance and Recessiveness
78(1)
Independent Assortment
79(1)
Mendelian Inheritance in Humans
80(8)
Misconceptions Regarding Dominance and Recessiveness
82(1)
Patterns of Inheritance
83(5)
Non-Mendelian Patterns of Inheritance
88(3)
Polygenic Inheritance
88(2)
Genetic and Environmental Factors
90(1)
Pleiotropy
91(1)
Mitochondrial Inheritance
91(1)
Modern Evolutionary Theory
92(1)
The Modern Synthesis
92(1)
Definition of Evolution
92(2)
Factors That Produce and Redistribute Variation
94(4)
Mutation
94(1)
Gene Flow
95(1)
Genetic Drift
96(1)
Recombination
97(1)
Natural Selection Acts on Variation
98(2)
Review of Genetics and Evolutionary Factors
100(2)
Summary
102(1)
For Further Thought
103(1)
Questions for Review
103(1)
Suggested Further Reading
103(1)
Online Anthropology Resource Center
103(1)
New Frontiers in Research: Molecular Applications in Forensic Anthropology
104(3)
Macroevolution: Processes of Vertebrate and Mammalian Evolution
107(30)
Introduction
108(1)
The Human Place in the Organic World
108(2)
Principles of Classification
110(6)
Constructing Classifications and Interpreting Evolutionary Relationships
111(5)
Definition of Species
116(6)
Processes of Speciation
118(1)
Interpretation of Species and Other Groups in the Fossil Record
119(3)
Vertebrate Evolutionary History: A Brief Summary
122(2)
Mammalian Evolution
124(4)
The Emergence of Major Mammalian Groups
128(1)
Processes of Macroevolution
129(3)
Adaptive Radiation
129(1)
Generalized and Specialized Characteristics
130(1)
Modes of Evolutionary Change
130(2)
Summary
132(1)
For Further Thought
133(1)
Questions for Review
133(1)
Suggested Further Reading
133(1)
Online Anthropology Resource Center
133(1)
Issue: Just When We Thought Things Couldn't Get Any Worse: Bushmeat and Ebola
134(3)
PART 2 Primates
An Overview of the Primates
137(35)
Introduction
138(1)
Characteristics of Primates
139(5)
Primate Adaptations
144(5)
Evolutionary Factors
144(1)
Geographical Distribution and Habitats
145(1)
Diet and Teeth
145(3)
Locomotion
148(1)
Primate Classification
149(4)
A Survey of the Living Primates
153(14)
Prosimians (Lemurs and Lorises)
153(2)
Tarsiers
155(1)
Anthropoids (Monkeys, Apes, and Humans)
155(5)
Hominoids (Apes and Humans)
160(6)
Humans
166(1)
Endangered Primates
167(3)
Summary
170(1)
Questions for Review
170(1)
For Further Thought
171(1)
Suggested Further Reading
171(1)
Online Anthropology Resource Center
171(1)
Primate Behavior
172(28)
Introduction
173(1)
Primate Field Studies
174(1)
The Evolution of Behavior
175(5)
Some Factors That Influence Social Structure
176(4)
Sympatric Species
180(2)
Five Monkey Species in the Kibale Forest, Uganda
180(2)
Why Be Social?
182(2)
Primate Social Behavior
184(5)
Dominance
184(1)
Communication
185(2)
Aggressive and Affiliative Interactions
187(2)
Reproduction and Reproductive Strategies
189(4)
Female and Male Reproductive Strategies
190(1)
Sexual Selection
191(1)
Infanticide as a Reproductive Strategy?
191(2)
Mothers, Fathers, and Infants
193(3)
Summary
196(1)
For Further Thought
197(1)
Questions for Review
197(1)
Suggested Further Reading
197(1)
Online Anthropology Resource Center
197(1)
Issue: Primates in Biomedical Research: Ethics and Concerns
198(2)
Primate Models for Human Evolution
200(27)
Introduction
201(1)
Human Origins and Behavior
202(1)
Brain and Body Size
203(4)
Language
207(6)
The Evolution of Language
210(3)
Primate Cultural Behavior
213(3)
Aggressive Interactions Between Groups
216(3)
Affiliation, Altruism, and Cooperation
219(1)
Altruism
219(1)
The Primate Continuum
220(2)
Summary
222(1)
Questions for Review
222(1)
For Further Thought
223(1)
Suggested Further Reading
223(1)
Online Anthropology Resource Center
223(1)
New Frontiers in Research: Molecular Applications in Primatology
224(3)
PART 3 Hominid Evolution
Paleoanthropology: Reconstructing Early Hominid Behavior and Ecology
227(29)
Introduction
228(1)
Definition of Hominid
228(2)
Biocultural Evolution: The Human Capacity for Culture
230
The Strategy of Paleoanthropology
222(12)
Paleoanthropology in Action---Olduvai Gorge
234(2)
Dating Methods
236(4)
Applications of Dating Methods: Examples from Olduvai
239(1)
Excavations at Olduvai
240(3)
Experimental Archaeology
243(3)
Stone Tool (Lithic) Technology
244(1)
Analysis of Bone
245(1)
Reconstruction of Early Hominid Environments and Behavior
246(6)
Environmental Explanations for Hominid Origins
246(2)
Why Did Hominids Become Bipedal?
248(4)
Summary
252(1)
For Further Thought
253(1)
Questions for Review
253(1)
Suggested Further Reading
253(1)
Online Anthropology Resource Center
253(1)
Issue: The Piltdown Caper: Who Dunnit?
254(2)
Hominid Origins in Africa
256(42)
Introduction
257(1)
Early Primate Evolution
257(3)
Miocene Fossil Hominoids
260(2)
The Bipedal Adaptation
262(5)
Early Hominids from Africa (Pre-Australopithecus Finds)
267(4)
Earliest Traces
267(2)
Ardipithecus from Aramis (Ethiopia)
269(2)
Australopithecus from East Africa
271(7)
Australopithecus afarensis from Laetoli and Hadar
272(3)
Another East African Hominid
275(1)
Later East African Australopithecine Finds
275(1)
Australopithecines from Olduvai and Lake Turkana
276(2)
Early Homo
278(3)
South African Sites
281(10)
Earliest Discoveries
281(2)
Further Discoveries of South African Hominids
283(1)
Review of Hominids from South Africa
284(4)
Geology and Dating Problems in South Africa
288(3)
Interpretations: What Does It All Mean?
291(3)
Continuing Uncertainties---Taxonomic Issues
291(2)
Putting It All Together
293(1)
Adaptive Patterns of Early African Hominids
294(2)
Summary
296(1)
For Further Thought
297(1)
Questions for Review
297(1)
Suggested Further Reading
297(1)
Online Anthropology Resource Center
297(1)
The Earliest Dispersal of the Genus Homo: Homo erectus and Contemporaries
298(31)
Introduction
299(1)
A New Kind of Hominid
299(3)
The Morphology of Homo erectus
302(3)
Brain Size
302(1)
Body Size
303(1)
Cranial Shape
303(1)
Dentition
303(2)
Who Were the Earliest African Emigrants?
305(2)
The Dmanisi Hominids
306(1)
Historical Overview of Homo erectus Discoveries
307(11)
Java
307(1)
Homo erectus from Java
308(1)
Peking (Beijing)
309(1)
Zhoukoudian Homo erectus
309(3)
Other Chinese Sites
312(2)
East Africa
314(1)
Summary of East African H. erectus/ergaster
315(2)
South Africa
317(1)
North Africa
317(1)
Europe
317(1)
Technological and Population Trends in Homo erectus
318(3)
Technological trends
318(3)
Population Trends
321(1)
Interpretations of Homo erectus: Continuing Uncertainties
321(2)
Summary
323(1)
Questions for Review
324(1)
For Further Thought
325(1)
Suggested Further Reading
325(1)
Online Anthropology Resource Center
325(1)
Issue: Man, the Hunter; Woman, the Gatherer?
326(3)
Premodern Humans
329(36)
Introduction
330(1)
When, Where, and What
330(3)
The Pleistocene
330(2)
Dispersal of Middle Pleistocene Hominids
332(1)
Middle Pleistocene Hominids: Terminology
332(1)
Premodern Humans of the Middle Pleistocene
333(5)
Africa
333(3)
Europe
336(1)
Asia
337(1)
A Review of Middle Pleistocene Evolution
338(1)
Middle Pleistocene Culture
338(3)
Neandertals: Premodern Humans of the Upper Pleistocene
341(10)
France and Spain
344(4)
Central Europe
348(1)
Western Asia
349(1)
Central Asia
350(1)
Culture of Neandertals
351(4)
Technology
351(1)
Settlements
351(1)
Subsistence
351(1)
Symbolic Behavior
352(2)
Burials
354(1)
Genetic Evidence
355(1)
Trends in Human Evolution: Understanding Premodern Humans
355(5)
Summary
360(1)
For Further Thought
361(1)
Questions for Review
361(1)
Suggested Further Reading
362(1)
Online Anthropology Resource Center
362(1)
New Frontiers in Research: Ancient DNA
363(2)
The Origin and Dispersal of Modern Humans
365(30)
Introduction
366(1)
Approaches to Understanding Modern Human Origins
367(5)
The Complete Replacement Model (Recent African Evolution)
367(2)
Partial Replacement Models
369(2)
The Regional Continuity Model (Multiregional Evolution)
371(1)
The Earliest Discoveries of Modern Humans
372(9)
Africa
372(3)
The Near East
375(1)
Central Europe
376(1)
Western Europe
377(1)
Asia
378(1)
Australia
378(3)
Technology and Art in the Upper Paleolithic
381(8)
Europe
381(7)
Africa
388(1)
Summary of Upper Paleolithic Culture
389(2)
Summary
391(1)
For Further Thought
392(1)
Questions for Review
392(1)
Suggested Further Reading
392(1)
Online Anthropology Resource Center
392(1)
Issue: The Evolution of Language
393(2)
PART 4 Contemporary Human Evolution
Modern Human Biology: Patterns of Variation
395(27)
Introduction
396(1)
Historical Views of Human Variation
396(2)
The Concept of Race
398(3)
Racism
401(1)
Intelligence
402(1)
Contemporary Interpretations of Human Variation
403(6)
Human Polymorphisms
403(2)
Patterns of Polymorphic Variation
405(1)
Polymorphisms at the DNA Level
406(3)
Population Genetics
409(5)
Calculating Allele Frequencies
412(2)
Evolution in Action: Modern Human Populations
414(2)
Nonrandom Mating
415(1)
Human Biocultural Evolution
416(2)
Summary
418(1)
For Further Thought
419(1)
Questions for Review
419(1)
Suggested Further Reading
419(1)
Online Anthropology Resource Center
419(1)
New Frontiers in Research: Molecular Applications in Modern Human Biology
420(2)
Modern Human Biology: Patterns of Adaptation
422(24)
Introduction
423(1)
The Adaptive Significance of Human Variation
423(12)
Solar Radiation and Skin Color
424(6)
The Thermal Environment
430(3)
High Altitude
433(2)
Infectious Disease
435(7)
The Continuing Impact of Infectious Disease
438(4)
Summary
442(1)
For Further Thought
443(1)
Questions for Review
443(1)
Suggested Further Reading
443(1)
Online Anthropology Resource Center
443(1)
Issue: Racial Purity: A False and Dangerous Ideology
444(2)
Legacies of Human Evolutionary History
446(26)
Introduction
447(1)
Evolution of Human Behavior and the Life Course
448(2)
Biocultural Evolution and the Life Cycle
450(11)
Growth in Infancy and Childhood
452(2)
Nutritional Effects on Growth and Development
454(3)
Onset of Reproductive Functioning in Humans
457(3)
Human Longevity
460(1)
Human Impact on the Planet and Other Life Forms
461(5)
Overpopulation
462(1)
Impact on Biodiversity
463(2)
Acceleration of Evolutionary Processes
465(1)
Is There Any Good News?
466(2)
Are We Still Evolving?
468(2)
Summary
470(1)
Questions for Review
470(1)
For Further Thought
471(1)
Suggested Further Reading
471(1)
Online Anthropology Resource Center
471(1)
Appendix A: Atlas of Primate Skeletal Anatomy 472(8)
Appendix B: Summary of Early Hominid Fossil Finds from Africa 480(5)
Appendix C: Population Genetics: The Math of Microevolution 485(6)
Glossary 491(10)
Bibliography 501(25)
Photo Credits 526(2)
Index 528

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